Leather is a durable and flexible material created by the tanning of animal rawhide
and skin, often cattle hide. It can be produced through manufacturing processes ranging from cottage industry
to heavy industry.
In general, leather is sold in four forms:
* *Full-grain* leather refers to hides that have not been sanded, buffed, or snuffed (as opposed to top-grain or corrected leather) to remove imperfections (or natural marks) on the surface of the hide. The grain remains allowing the fiber strength and durability. The grain also has breathability, resulting in less moisture from prolonged contact. Rather than wearing out, it will develop apatina
over time. High quality leather furniture and footwear are often made from full-grain leather. Full-grain leathers are typically available in two finish types: aniline
and semi-aniline.
* *Top-grain* leather (the most common type used in high-end leather products) is the second-highest quality. It has had the "split" layer separated away, making it thinner and more pliable than full-grain. Its surface has been sanded and a finish coat added to the surface which results in a colder, plastic feel with less breathability, and it will not develop a natural patina. It is typically less expensive and has greater resistance to stains than full-grain leather, so long as the finish remains unbroken.
* *Corrected-grain* leather is any leather that has had an artificial grain applied to its surface. The hides used to create corrected leather do not meet the standards for use in creating vegetable-tanned or aniline leather. The imperfections are corrected or sanded off, and an artificial grain impressed into the surface and dressed with stain or dyes. Most corrected-grain leather is used to make pigmented leather as the solid pigment helps hide the corrections or imperfections. Corrected grain leathers can mainly be bought as two finish types: semi-aniline and pigmented.
* *Split* leather is leather created from the fibrous part of the hide left once the top-grain of the rawhide
has been separated from the hide. During the splitting operation, the top-grain and drop split are separated. The drop split can be further split (thickness allowing) into a middle split and a flesh split. In very thick hides, the middle split can be separated into multiple layers until the thickness prevents further splitting. Split leather then has an artificial layer applied to the surface of the split and is embossed with a leather grain (bycast leather)
. Splits are also used to createsuede
. The strongest suedes are usually made from grain splits (that have the grain completely removed) or from the flesh split that has been shaved to the correct thickness. Suede is "fuzzy" on both sides. Manufacturers use a variety of techniques to make suede from full-grain. A reversed suede is a grained leather that has been designed into the leather article with the grain facing away from the visible surface. It is not considered to be a true form of suede.[2]
Less-common leathers include:
* *Buckskin
* or *brained leather
* is a tanning process that uses animal brains or other fatty materials to alter the leather. The resulting supple, suede-like hide is usually smoked heavily to prevent it from rotting.
* *Patent leather
* is leather that has been given a high-gloss finish. The original process was developed in Newark, New Jersey
, by inventor Seth Boyden
in 1818. Patent leather usually has aplastic
coating.
* *Fish Leather* : leather popular for its motifs and its pigmentation. Mainly used for making shoes and bags, the fish skin is tanned like other animal skins.[3]
The species used include salmon, perch, sturgeon, etc.
* *Salmon
* : farmed in Iceland
and Norway
, salmon skin has fine scales. Its strength and elegant look make it the most popular fish leather.
* *Perch
* : coming from Nile
, its skin is recognizable with its large, round and soft scales.
* *Wolffish
* : its skin is smooth because without scales. We recognize it thanks to its dark spots, and the 'stripes' which are due to the friction of marine rocks.
* *Cod
* : its skin has finer scales than salmon, but its texture is more varied, sometimes smooth and sometimes rough.
* *Sturgeon
* : fish well known for its eggs (caviar
), which make it rare. Its leather is thus quite expensive.
* *Eel
* : fish without scales, its skin has a shiny appearance.
* *Tilapia
* : its leather is less resistant than salmon and perch but is still exotic. It comes mainly from Africa
(Nile
).
* *Shagreen
* is also known as *stingray skin/leather*. Applications used in furniture production date as far back as the art deco
period. The word "shagreen" originates from France
. It's known as the most difficult leather to work due to dished scales of the animal, and it is one of the most expensive leathers.
* *Shark
* : its skin is covered of small, close-set tubercles, making it very tough. The handbags made of shark skin used to be in vogue but this keen interest has since fallen as the costs of production and of the leather itself are very high. Moreover, this skin is more difficult to work.
* *Vachetta leather* is used in the trimmings of luggage
andhandbags
. The leather is left untreated and is therefore susceptible to water and stains. Sunlight will cause the natural leather to darken in shade, called a patina
.
* *Slink* is leather made from the skin of unborn calves. It is particularly soft and is valued for use in making gloves.
* *Deerskin* is a tough leather, possibly due to the animal's adaptations to its thorny and thicket-filled habitats.["citation needed
"]Deerskin has been used by many societies, including indigenous Americans
. Most modern deerskin is no longer procured from the wild, with deer farms breeding the animals specifically for the purpose of their skins. Large quantities are still tanned from wild deer hides in historic tanning towns such as Gloversville
andJohnstown
in upstate New York
. Deerskin is used in jackets andovercoats
, martial arts equipment such as kendo
and bogu
, as well as personal accessories such as handbags and wallets.
* *Nubuck
* is top-grain cattle hide leather that has been sanded or buffed on the grain side, or outside, to give a slight nap of short protein fibers, producing a velvet-like surface.
There are two other types of leather commonly used in specialty products, such as briefcases, wallets, and luggage:
* *Belting leather* is a full-grain leather that was originally used in driving pulley
belts and other machinery. It is found on the surface of briefcases, portfolios, and wallets, and can be identified by its thick, firm feel and smooth finish. Belting leather is generally a heavy-weight of full-grain, vegetable-tanned leather.
* *Napa leather
* is chrome-tanned and is soft and supple. It is commonly found in wallets, toiletry kits, and other personal leather goods.
The following are not "true" leathers, but are synthetic materials that contain some leather fiber. Depending on jurisdiction, they may still be labeled as "Genuine Leather", even though the consumer generally can only see the plastic outer layer of the material and can't actually see any of the leather content:
* "Reconstituted leather", is composed of up to 90% leather fibers (often scrap from leather tanneries or leather workshops) bonded together with a plastic
or latex
binders to create a look and feel similar to that of leather at a fraction of the cost. The resulting material is not as durable as real leather and is recommended for use only if the product will be used infrequently.
*Bonded leather
used for upholstery is a plastic
(generally vinyl or polyurethane) material that contains about 17% leather fiber in its backing material. The plastic is stamped to give it a leather-like texture. Bonded leather upholstery is as durable as other plastic materials and its manufacturing process is more environmentally-friendly than leather production.
Bycast leather is a split leather with a layer of polyurethane
applied to the surface and then embossed. Bycast was originally made for the shoe industry and recently was adopted by the furniture industry. The original formula created by Bayer
was strong but expensive. The result is a plastic material that is slightly stiffer but cheaper than top-grain leather but has a much more consistent texture. Because its surface is completely covered in plastic, is easier to clean and maintain.
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